Instability, changes, and internal structure of children's attitudes toward mathematics in primary school: A four-wave investigation.

The longitudinal person-oriented study aimed to explore profiles, stability, gender differences, and compositional relations of math attitudes by tracking Chinese third graders (Ntotal = 1013, Mage(T1) = 8.92 ± 0.46, Ngirls = 404) in four waves with 1-year intervals. Five profiles and unstable transitional probabilities were identified among the four waves. The relations between enjoyment to confidence and value shifted from reciprocity to enjoyment dominance, but value negatively predicted later enjoyment and confidence. Additionally, boys' advantages were significant in late elementary school (fifth, sixth grades) and girls benefited from initial positive attitudes. These findings suggest that Chinese students' math attitudes in middle childhood are unstable, shaped by internal and external environmental dynamics, and need to be further explored in cross-cultural research.

How Important Are Parental Career Expectations? A Subtle and Long-Term Influence on Adolescents' Career Aspirations.

Perceived parental expectations of adolescents have been linked to many high school consequences, yet few studies have examined the relationship between perceived parental expectations and adolescents' career aspirations, and potential mechanisms that underlie these associations. To address this research gap, this study investigated the reciprocal relationship between perceived parental expectations and career aspirations, as well as the mediating role of adolescents' career exploration among Chinese adolescents. Using a longitudinal design, a total of 2540 senior high school students (51.38% girls, Mage = 17.09 ± 0.69) participated in the study. The results showed that perceived parental expectations of adolescents have no direct impact on their subsequent career aspirations. A longitudinal mediating role of career exploration was found between perceived parental expectations and career aspirations. No gender differences were found in any of the pathways. These findings provided support for helping adolescents better set their career aspirations by acknowledging the critical role of parental expectations and the mediating role of career exploration.

The influence of semantic alignment on the performance of addition and division operation: age-related differences.

Semantic alignment refers to the cognitive tendency that people always seek for the matching of semantic relations between mathematical cognition and objects in specific situations. In developing individuals, language ability and mathematical ability are in the development stage, and the development of semantic consistency is more helpful to reveal the relationship between the two. From the perspective of semantic alignment, this study aims to explore the age-related difference in the effects of semantic relationship on arithmetic operations. Sixty-two children and 62 adults were recruited to perform an arithmetical verification task. The results showed that: (1) Compared with children, adults had shorter response times and higher accuracy in mathematical operations. (2) Both adults and children showed longer response times in division condition than that in addition condition. (3) Children are more affected by semantic alignment than adults in addition. (4) For addition operation, participants performed better under semantic consistent condition than under semantic inconsistent condition, but the opposite result was found for division operation. It indicated that semantic consistently promoted the addition operation and semantic inconsistently promoted the division operation. This suggests that teachers should pay attention to integrating mathematical conceptual knowledge and language context in future educational practice.

Is the Discount Really Favorable? The Effect of Numeracy on Price Magnitude Judgment: Evidence From Electroencephalography.

Attractive price promotion will induce an unreasonable willingness to purchase, especially through shopping. However, it is not clear how numeracy, one of the essential abilities for understanding and applying numbers, influences the process of purchase judgment. In total, 61 participants were recruited to perform a price promotion task using electroencephalography. The results showed that consumers with low numeracy performed worse than their peers with high numeracy at the behavioral level, and they also had lower P3b amplitude and less alpha desynchronization, regardless of price promotion frameworks. These findings provided evidence on the processing of price information and provided further insights into how numeracy impacts price magnitude judgment.

Divide and conquer: Relations among arithmetic operations and emerging knowledge of fraction notation for Chinese students in Grade 4.

How do whole number arithmetic skills support students' understanding of fraction magnitude during the emerging stages of fraction learning? Chinese students in Grade 4 (N = 1038; Mage = 9.9 years; 55.6% boys) completed assessments of whole number arithmetic skills (i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), fraction mapping (i.e., connecting visual fraction representations to fraction notations), and fraction comparison (i.e., comparing magnitudes of fraction symbols). We found that division skills uniquely differentiated students who had a basic understanding of fraction notation (mappers) from students with no understanding of fraction notation (non-mappers). Furthermore, we found that division mediated the relations between all three other arithmetic operations (i.e., addition, subtraction, and multiplication) and fraction mapping performance for the mappers. For fraction comparison, there was evidence of the whole number bias for the majority of students. The current results highlight the importance of the mastery of division skills and its dominance in predicting individual differences in fraction mapping for Chinese students in Grade 4.

How numerical surface forms affect strategy execution in subtraction? Evidence from behavioral and ERP measures.

In this study, to investigate the influence of numerical surface forms on strategy execution in subtraction and addition, 25 college students were required to perform a mental arithmetic task. Behavioral and electroencephalography responses were recorded to explore the stages of strategy execution. Arithmetic problems were presented within 11-20 by Arabic, Chinese and English numerals, respectively. The results showed that, compared with Arabic and Chinese numerals, participants had longer RTs under the condition of English numerals. English numerals induced stronger N100, P200 and P300 amplitudes, and longer latency in P200 and P300 amplitudes than in other conditions. These findings indicated that numerical surface forms affected the execution of mental arithmetic strategies, with Chinese and English numerals being processed deeper in the brain. Especially, the English digital word form occupied more psychological resources, and it was activated more in the frontal area and the parietal area, which would obviously hinder the processing of arithmetic information.

How Parenting Styles Link Career Decision-Making Difficulties in Chinese College Students? The Mediating Effects of Core Self-Evaluation and Career Calling.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between parenting styles and career decision-making difficulties in college students, and uncovered the mediating roles of core self-evaluation and career calling. A total of 1,127 undergraduates were recruited to complete the questionnaires about parenting styles, core self-evaluation, career calling, and career decision-making difficulties. The results showed that: (1) Positive and negative parenting styles could positively predict career decision-making difficulties in college students. (2) Core self-evaluation and career calling mediated the relationship between parenting styles and career decision-making difficulties. Sequential dual mediators only found in which positive paternal and maternal parenting styles predict career decision-making difficulties through core self-evaluation and career calling. (3) Further analysis revealed gender difference in the relationship between parenting styles and career decision-making difficulties. The relation between paternal positive parenting style and career decision-making difficulties was significant in male students, but absent in female students; the relation between maternal positive parenting and career decision-making difficulties and the relation between paternal negative parenting and career calling were significant in female students, but absent in male students; and the relation between career calling and career decision-making difficulties was greater in male than in female. The current study expanded and deepened those existing understandings about the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents' career decisions, so as to further reveal its internal mechanism and provide more reasonable suggestions and targeted guidance for career counseling.

[Sodium Alginate Loading of Zero-Valent Iron Sulfide for the Reduction of Cr(â ¥) in Water].

In this study, the functional material SZVI-SA is successfully prepared to efficiently remove Cr(Ⅵ) from water. This composite, with micron zero-valent iron (ZVI) as its core, is sulfurized and loaded by sodium alginate (SA). Some parameters affecting the Cr(Ⅵ) removal are also tested, including the type and mass fraction of chelating agents as well as S/Fe. SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and XPS are used to characterize and analyze the material. The results show that 7% Fe3+ is most suitable as the chelating agent for sodium alginate, and a S/Fe ratio of 3.5 and drying temperature of 70℃ are the ideal formation conditions. The effect of SZVI-SA on the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) is in line with the secondary adsorption rate model, mainly affected by the availability of binding sites. The active ingredient was identified as FeS, and the specific surface area can reach 97.83 m2·g-1. Many pores, especially micropores, are present in this material and in addition to Cr(Ⅵ), SZVI-SA was found to effectively remove Cr(Ⅲ) and Fe(Ⅲ) from the test solution. Overall, the Cr(Ⅵ)-removal efficiency was 92%; the removal mechanism is mainly via redox reactions; and the main reducing active substances are Fe2+, S2-, and S22-. Following the reaction of Fe(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅲ), Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3 are formed and Cr2O3 precipitation separation occurs.

Non-symbolic representation is modulated by math anxiety and cognitive inhibition while symbolic representation not.

The present study aimed to investigate whether there are basic numerical processing deficits in high math anxiety (HMA) individuals and examine the effects of cognitive inhibition on the performance of high and low math anxiety (LMA) individuals. 35 undergraduate students were recruited to perform a numerical comparison task, a numerical Stroop task, a dot comparison task, and a dot Stroop task. Results showed the following: (1) Compared with LMA group, HMA group reacted more slowly and exhibited more fixation counts in non-symbolic representation task. (2) Inhibition condition significantly increased HMA individuals' fixation durations, whereas the fixation durations of LMA individuals were similar between inhibition and non-inhibition condition. The results demonstrated that MA might temporarily occupy individuals' working memory resources. (3) In non-symbolic representation task, the effect of numerical ratio on fixation counts was larger for HMA group than that for LMA group under inhibition condition, indicating MA might arise from a basic level deficit in numerosity processing.

Arithmetic Skill May Refine the Performance of Individuals with High Math Anxiety, Especially in the Calculation Task: An ERP Study.

As a global phenomenon, the theme of math anxiety has received increasing attention. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between math anxiety and performance and determine the role of arithmetic skill in two different tasks. Fifty-seven college freshmen were recruited to perform a comparison task and a calculation task. Only main effect of arithmetic skill was found on the behavioral level. In the comparison task, participants with high math anxiety (HMA) showed faster latencies and greater amplitudes of N1 and longer P3b latency relative to their counterparts with low math anxiety (LMA). Number, as a negative stimulus, occupied attentional resources and delayed the speed of cognitive processing for individuals with HMA. Furthermore, among those with HMA, individuals with high arithmetic skill showed larger amplitudes and shorter latencies of P2 compared with those with low airthmetic skill in the calculation task. Thus, arithmetic skill could refine the performance efficiency of individuals with HMA, especially in the calculation task. These results suggest that educational interventions emphasizing control of negative emotional responses to math stimuli will be more effective when considering different populations of mathematically competent individuals.